<p>Plymouth Congregational Church of Lawrence, Kansas is an affiliate of the United Church of Christ that was established in 1854, months after the Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement. The present-day church building, built in 1870, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The architect was John G. Haskell who was among the architects of the Kansas State Capitol.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Territory of Kansas was opened to settlement by the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854. The first service of Plymouth Congregational Church was held by Lum on October 1, 1854 in a mudbrick boarding house, also called the "hay tent," with settlers who had come from New England.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Richard Cordley became pastor in 1857, when the congregation moved into its first permanent building, called the "Stone Church," though it was not completed until 1862. Cordley was an abolitionist and supported the free state movement. Cordley was influential in documenting such events in the early settlement of Kansas.</p><br>
<h3>The Brick Church</h3><br>
<p>The present-day building, also called "The Brick Church," was designed by architect John G. Haskell, who also worked on other churches, schools, and the Kansas State Courthouse. Construction began in 1868 and was completed in May 1870 at a cost of $45,000. The sanctuary windows were made in England. Services have been held regularly in the building since 1870. In 1916, the "Parish House" was added to the structure under then-Pastor Noble Elderkin. It was damaged by fire in 1955, but rebuilt and expanded. Additional renovation work was carried out to different parts of the church in 1992 and 2001.</p><br>
<p>On July 16, 2009, the building was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places by the Kansas Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 2009. The building&#39;s architectural style is described as "an eclectic Victorian-era church building with Gothic and Romanesque Revival characteristics."</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Alan Mulally - The president of the Ford Motor Company called the late Rev. Dale Turner "a mentor and an inspiration." Turner, who later moved to the University Congregational United Church of Christ in Seattle, Washington, stayed in contact with Mulally, who also moved to the city to work at Boeing.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick W. Neef House is a house in Denver, Colorado, United States that was built in 1886 and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear why the house was incorrectly named, as Frederick Neef&#39;s middle name was Fredolin.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed historically significant for its association with early Denver businessman Frederick W. Neef and for its architecture. Frederick Neef was German and arrived in Denver in 1873. He and his brother Max owned saloons and wholesale businesses in liquor and tobacco. Together they built the Neef Brothers Brewery, reportedly one of the West&#39;s largest. Frederick bought out Max from the brewery and operated it until selling it in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Fred Neef arranged to have this house built and lived with his family in it for 31 years. The NRHP nominator termed the house to be "a fine example of late 19th century architecture in Denver" and suspected that it was not locally designed, but rather was a design from an architect&#39;s pattern book, however it was not possible to find the source. Writing in 1979, the nominator went on to note thatIn all events, the Neef House is a well-executed version of the popular Queen Anne/Eastlake style, probably the finest surviving example in Denver. It clearly demonstrates the Victorian preoccupation with complex volumes and roof forms, and their love for elaborate detail. Of particular note is the east facade which has a strongly sculptured aspect and, in spite of the profusion of elements, displays a rich unified composition which is at once pleasant and dynamic. The original craftsmanship was of a high caliber and survives well despite an obvious lack of maintenance.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Shulz-Neef House at 1739 E. 29th St. in the Whittier neighborhood, a Denver Landmark, was purchased by Frederick at auction in 1883 and served as home for his brother Max and family.</p><br>
<p>The North Jay Grange Store is an historic Grange Hall and store on East Dixfield Road  in the village of North Jay in Jay, Maine. It was built in 1895 by North Jay Grange No. 10 to replace its hall on the same site which had burned down earlier that year. Part of the building was later set aside for a Grange store. Closed in 1976, the Grange Store claimed to be the last of its type in the nation. On October 23, 1974, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The North Jay Grange Store is set at the junction of Maine State Routes 17 and 4 with Jay Hill Road, which is the main junction of the village of North Jay. The store, which faces northeast, is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a front gable roof, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation. A single-story hip-roofed porch extends across the front. The porch is supported by metal posts with metal balustrade between. Two sets of stairs and an accessibility ramp on the left side give access to from ground level. Under the porch, the facade has a commercial store front with plate glass windows and recessed entry on the left, and a double doorway on the right, from which stairs lead to the hall above. Above the porch there are three sash windows on the second level, and two in the gable. The first floor of the building housed the store, and the second floor contains an open meeting space with stage. The third floor houses a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The North Jay Grange was organized in 1874, and its first building was built in 1889. Destroyed by fire in 1895, it was replaced by the present building the same year. The first floor was remodeled to accommodate the store at a later date; the organization is known to have operated a store since 1882, originally at another location. The store closed in 1976; it had billed itself (by its sign on the front) as the "Last Grange Store".</p><br>
<p>The Oakfield Grange was an historic clubhouse and community meeting space at 89 Ridge Road in Oakfield, Maine. Built in 1906 by the local chapter of the Patrons of Husbandry , the building was for many years the sole social meeting space of any size in the small rural community. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It has since been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Oakfield Grange was located at the southwest corner of Ridge Road and Thompson Settlement Road, a short way east of Oakland&#39;s rural village center. It was a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a main block measuring about 30 x, and a smaller ell attached to the east side of the rear. The roof was gabled at the rear and gable-on-hip at the front. The building was sheathed in wooden clapboards.</p><br>
<p>The local Grange chapter was organized in 1903, and built this hall in 1906 after two years of planning and fundraising. The hall was the largest meeting space in town, and held all manner of social events, including dances and private parties, were held there. From 1910 to 1964 the town held its town meetings there, and it was also used as its polling place. From 1935 to 1970 it was also used as a gymnasium by Oakfield High School, and its stage hosted performances of school theatrical and musical productions. The buildings condition declined beginning in the 1980s, as agriculture in the town declined and Grange membership languished. At the time of the buildings listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, the Grange organization had only twelve members. The building has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Enterprise Grange, No. 173 is a historic Grange hall at 446 Dow Road in Orrington, Maine. Built in 1884 and enlarged in the early 20th century, this modest Italianate building has been a significant social and civic center in the rural community since its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Enterprise Grange hall is located near the geographic center of the rural community of Orrington, on a wedge-shaped parcel at the southeast corner of Dow Road and Center Drive. It is a tall single-story structure, three bays wide, with front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a foundation of concrete piers. A lower single-story dining room wing extends to the rear, with the kitchen in an ell extending to the south. The main facade faces west, and is symmetrically composed, with a center entrance sheltered by a hood with ornate Italianate brackets. Sash windows flank the entrance in the side bays, and in the gable able, with bracketed cornices above them. The side walls of the main block have similarly-styled windows.</p><br>
<p>The Enterprise Grange (Patrons of Husbandry) was organized in Orrington, a community then dominated by agriculture, in 1875, and purchased land for a building two years later, and the main hall was built in 1884 by the Grange membership with locally-milled lumber. The group struggled financially in its early years, but had by the early 20th century reached a better financial footing, at which time the dining room and kitchen were added. The building was electrified in 1934, a heating system add in 1951, and its kitchen updated in 1961. The buildings auditorium and stage have served not just as a meeting point for the Granges activities, but have also served since construction as a major social venue for the town, hosting weddings, suppers, church services, and other social events. In the 1920s its stage was relocated to better accommodate theatrical performances.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius Van Wyck House is an 18th-century Dutch Colonial home located on the shore of Little Neck Bay in the Douglaston section of Queens in New York City. This house overlooks Little Neck Bay and is well known for both its age and architecture, and especially for its original owners. It was designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Cornelius Van Wyck House is considered to be the "most impressive architectural remnant of the early Dutch Culture" in New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the Cornelius Van Wyck estate predates the construction of the Van Wyck house. Cornelius Van Wyck&#39;s father, Johannes Van Wyck, purchased 125 acres of land from Richard and Sarah Cornell. This property was inherited by Cornelius when his father died in 1734.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed in 1735 by Cornelius Van Wyck, a third-generation American. Cornelius and his wife Mary Hicks added to their original farm and lived in the house until his death. Upon his death, the house passed to his son Stephen Van Wyck, who built additions to the house. However, Stephen, the eldest of Cornelius&#39; 3 sons, showed no interest in farming; therefore, he sold his share of the inheritance to his cousin Cornelius, who was the last Van Wyck to live in the home.</p><br>
<p>In 1819, possession of the home left the Van Wyck family when it was sold to Winant Van Zandt. Van Zandt, who was wealthy, had purchased 120 acres of adjoining land to the north (referred to as the "Point" area of Douglas Manor). In 1819, Van Zandt constructed a large mansion on the Point. Upon George Van Zandt&#39;s death, his son William inherited the property. During the tenure years in which the Douglas family owned the Cornelius Van Wyck House, the estate was used as a guest house and was sometimes rented to friends.</p><br>
<p>The original Cornelius Van Wyck House, according to a news article, became a "gate house" and led to the larger mansion, which later became The Douglaston Club. William Douglas sold the entire tract in 1906 to the Douglaston Club. The smaller house was purchased by Edward Wicht in 1915; Wicht restored the structure to its original condition and furnished it in keeping with the design and architecture of the previous structure. When Wicht died in 1936, Mr. and Mrs. Larsen purchased the house. Mrs. Larsen showed interest in the history of the homestead. This family also worked to maintain the house and furnish it as it was originally designed and built.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>According to the Landmarks Preservation Commission the Cornelius Van Wyck House was described as a "picturesque Eighteenth Century Dutch colonial house," which included hand-hewn shingles and a salt-box type roof. The landscape in which the house is situated leads down through a garden to a sandy beach. The dining room, master bedroom, and living hall contain superb oak beams. The present living room and the downstairs bedroom each contain handsome Georgian mantle-pieces.</p><br>
<p>The Van Wyck House, according to the article "History of Van Wyck House Outlined for Museum Group," is described very uniquely. Mrs. C. Turner Richardson described the history and significance of this house to 60 members of the Museums Group of the Women&#39;s Club of Douglaston during a meeting in the same house in 1950. By 1770, the house had expanded to add more rooms, and in 1930 the house expanded again to include room for a new kitchen. The House is a 2-story structure with five bedrooms and a bath on the first-floor, and three bedrooms and two baths on the second-floor. The notable architectural features of the house include its salt-box roof, oak beams, and wooden shingles. It is one of the last remaining Dutch Colonial houses in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant River Grange No. 492 is a historic Grange hall on Round Island Road in Vinalhaven, Maine. Built as worker housing for a granite quarry, it was moved in 1909 to its present local for use by the local Grange chapter. It continues to be used by that organization as a community resource. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pleasant River Grange is located in a rural area near the center of Vinalhaven island. The island is nearly divided by the Pleasant River, a north-flowing stream the exits into Vinal Cove; the grange hall is located on the east side of the river near its mouth, on the north side of Round Island Road, east of its junction with North Haven Road. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The facade facing southeast toward the road is symmetrical, with two sash windows on each floor, and one in the gable. The main entrance is on the longer southwest facade, near the southern corner and under a shed-roof porch. The interior has a hallway extending across the front, with a dining room and kitchen in the rear of the first floor, and open auditorium on the second floor. The walls and ceilings are finished in tongue-and-groove maple.</p><br>
<p>The grange hall was originally a workers boarding house built by A.M. Webster for workers at his nearby granite quarry, and was located on the west side of the Pleasant River. The local Grange chapter was organized in 1908, and Webster (who had recently closed the quarry) donated the building to the new organization. During the winter of 1908-09, it was hauled across the frozen Pleasant River to its present location. Alterations to the interior for its new function lasted another three years, with the hall periodically used for dances and other fundraising activities. The Grange continues to be a significant community organization on the island.</p><br>
<p>Wheelock Church  is a historic church building in Millerton, Oklahoma. Built in 1846, it is the oldest surviving church building in the state of Oklahoma and the oldest church among the Choctaw nation.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1832, and the current stone church building was constructed in 1846 with a cemetery established across the road. Buried in the cemetery is Alfred Wright, a physician and missionary to the Choctaw Native Americans. Wright translated many books into the Choctaw language, including the New Testament.</p><br>
<p>In 1832 Wright also founded the nearby Wheelock Academy, which the Choctaw Council sanctioned as a girls seminary in 1842. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Catalan Mediterranean System, also known as Mediterranean System, Transversal Ibero-Pyrenaean System, and Catalanid System, is a wide coastal geographical region in Catalonia. It is made up of a double system of coastal mountain chains: The Catalan Coastal Range and the Catalan Pre-Coastal Range, as well as the Catalan Coastal Depression and other coastal and pre-coastal plains located among those mountain ranges.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically the Catalan Mediterranean System is the result of a tectonic uplift, about 300 km long and roughly 50 km wide.</p><br>
<p>Transversally the system can be divided in three zones:</p><br>
<p>Northern Zone, between the Empordà comarca and the Llobregat. This zone is of paleozoic and crystalline composition</p><br>
<p>Central Zone, between rivers Llobregat and Ebre</p><br>
<p>Southern Zone, between the Baix Ebre comarca and the Millars River in the Valencian Community. Both the central and the southern zone are of mesozoic and tertiary composition.</p><br>
<p>First United Methodist Church  is a historic Methodist church building at the northeast corner of 18th Street and Central Avenue in Cheyenne, Wyoming, United States.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1867. The church building at 18th and Central was constructed in 1890 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Reverend W. W. Baldwin, a circuit rider from Colorado, led the first Methodist church services in Cheyenne on September 29, 1867 in City Hall. Three months later the Union Pacific railroad tracks reached the new town. The Methodist Society was soon formed with nine members and a local physician, Dr. D. W. Scott, acted as the first minister. The Reverend A. Gather arrived in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Two years later the Society bought two lots at 18th and Central Avenues from the Union Pacific for $1.00 and lumber for a white frame church was ordered from Chicago. The church was dedicated by Bishop Ames on September 23, 1871. In 1874 Black members withdrew from the congregation and built an African Methodist Episcopal Church four blocks west.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the current church, made out of red sandstone, began in 1890 and the church was dedicated on Easter Sunday, 1894. It had 55 members at the time.</p><br>
<p>While the new church was being built on the original lots, the old frame church was moved into the middle of Central Avenue with services being held in the building for the next two-and-one-half years.</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1876, the Methodist minister Reverend Warren married Wild Bill Hickok and Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor at a nearby residence. Five months later Wild Bill was shot dead in Deadwood, South Dakota.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect J. P. Julien designed the new church which was built by Moses Patrick Keefe for $25,000. Furnishings cost an additional $5,000. The two-story semi-Gothic church is constructed of Wyoming red sandstone with a steeply-pitched roof and a three-story tower with a pyramidal roof and four small turrets.</p><br>
<p>As originally built the church measured approximately 91 feet in length by 55 feet and held 750 worshippers. 1In 1928, an addition to the rear extended the length to 126 feet. The width was extended to the east in 1950 to a total width of 60.4 feet. Twenty-seven stain glass windows were added around 1900.</p><br>
<p>Myarth is a hill in the Usk Valley in the county of Powys in South Wales, about 2 miles west of Crickhowell. Its summit at 292 m is covered by trees, whilst the larger part of its slopes are also wooded. It is listed as a Marilyn. Myarth has an elongate form commonly ascribed to erosion by the west-to-east movement of the Usk Valley glacier during successive ice ages. The River Usk runs along the foot of the hill on its southern side. Myarth forms a prominent feature in many views over the Usk Valley and often features in commercial photography of the area.</p><br>
<p>Though it is ringed by public roads—the A40 to the north and a minor road to the south—there is no public access to the hill itself, which is in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the hill was used as the location for a segment of an episode of the motoring series The Grand Tour.</p><br>
<p>The Ora Pelton House, or the Izzo-Pelton House, is a historic residence in Elgin, Illinois. The Stick-Eastlake residence is the only Victorian house remaining on South State Street, formerly a wealthy area. It was built for Ora Pelton, a physician and surgeon, by local architect Gilbert M. Turnbull. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Ora A. Pelton, Sr. was a physician who practiced in Elgin, Illinois. He also worked as a surgeon and was known for his long career. In 1889, he commishioned architect Gilbert M. Turnbull to design his house on South State Street. At the time, this an area of wealthy residents along the Fox River. The house was designed with Stick-Eastlake architectural elements. The house has remained in the hands of only two families since its construction: the Pelton family to 1955, and the Izzo family since. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular, three-story house is laid on a stone foundation. It features many aspects typical of the Queen Anne Style, but its comparative austerity is typical of Stick-Eastlake designs. Porch columns and the second floor balcony are particularly representative of the Eastlake Movement. The only significant change to the exterior is a 1920s one-story addition on the southwest corner of the house. A carriage house, built in 1890, still stands in the backyard.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the oak staircase in the foyer was laid against a wall with glass windows to the exterior. A Czech chandelier hangs over the staircase. The parlor has an interlocking parquet hardwood floor. Fireplaces are present in the parlor and two second-floor bedrooms. Each room in the house is floored with a different kind of wood: oak in the main hall and stairway, birch in the parlors, sycamore in the dining room, bird&#39;s-eye maple in the office, yellow leaf pine in the kitchen, and gum wood in the bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>Azhdahak  is a volcano in Armenia, the highest point of Gegham mountains. It has an elevation of 3,597 m above sea. It is part of the Ghegam Ridge volcanic field, which last erupted at 1900 BC ± 1000 years.</p><br>
<p>There is lake in the crater of volcano Azhdahak that is formed from melting snow. From the top of the mountain opens pictorial landscape of mountains Ararat, Hatis, Ara, Aragats, Lake Sevan, the whole Gegham mountains and Kotayk valley.</p><br>
<p>In the surroundings of Azhdahak there is a lake Akna (Ակնալիճ Aknalich) of volcanic origin, “Akn” means "spring (water)" in Armenian.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The compound slag cone Azhdahak figures as a large strewn structure up to 1600m in diameter and about 370m high. The total area of volcano lavas, partly eroded and overlapped by the streams of Tar is around 8 square km. The cone is formed with slags, lapilli, sands, ashes, debris, lava boulders, slag, twisting, composite and spindle-shaped volcanic bombs.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and Flora</h2><br>
<p>Bird fauna of Gegham Mountain Range includes about 250 species, what makes 70% of all Armenia’s avifauna. Stony slopes are an irreplaceable habitat for birds of prey, such as:</p><br>
<p>Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)</p><br>
<p>Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)</p><br>
<p>Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus)</p><br>
<p>Imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca)</p><br>
<p>Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)</p><br>
<p>Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)</p><br>
<p>On the snow-covered slopes traces of brown bear (Ursus arctos) are often found.</p><br>
<p>For the area of Gegham Mountains and surroundings of Azhdahak are typical following plants</p><br>
<p>Jurinea moschus</p><br>
<p>Arabis caucasica</p><br>
<p>Catsfoot diclinous (Antennaria dioica),</p><br>
<p>Gentiana pontica</p><br>
<p>Red everlasting (Helichrysum pallasii),</p><br>
<p>Lady&#39;s-mantle (Alchemilla grossheimii),</p><br>
<p>Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla crantzi),</p><br>
<p>Sibbaldia (Sibbaldia parviflora),</p><br>
<p>Merendera Radde (Merendera raddeana),</p><br>
<p>Oxytrope Lazica (Oxytropis lazica),</p><br>
<p>Vavilovia Oshe (Vavilova aucheri)</p><br>
<h2>Rock carvings</h2><br>
<p>A great number of petroglyphs - rock-carvings has been found in the surroundings of volcano Azhdahak. Most images depict men in scenes of hunting and fighting, as well as astronomical bodies and phenomena: the Sun, the Moon, constellations, the stellar sky, lightning, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements near Azhdahak</h2><br>
<p>In Gegham mountains in cattle breeding are engaged Yazidi - one of national minorities of Armenia, who move to the mountains for the summer and live in tents with families and even with infants.</p><br>
<p>The Yazidis - an ethno-confessional group, whose main identity is religion – Yazidism or Sharfadin.</p><br>
<p>Nomadic stockbreeding is their major occupation.</p><br>
<p>The Yazidi society is a caste system including three main components: the Shaykhs, the Pirs (clergy) and murids (laymen).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and hiking</h2><br>
<p>The beauty of the Azhdahak surroundings have long attracted tourists from the whole world. However, the probability of running across each other different hiking groups is insignificant. It depends on the remoteness from the civilization, orientation complexities, that aggravate with weather condition factors, such as: thunder and lightning, hail and snow, fog with visibility down to 2-3m.</p><br>
<p>The Rackett Grange Hall No. 318, also known as Rackett Community Hall and denoted NeHBS No. GD04-002, is a building in rural Garden County, Nebraska, United States, that was built in 1926. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>It was located in the town of Rackett, which no longer exists; it is now located in a remote area within what is now Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>It is a false-front commercial building; other historic resources of the property are a shed, an outhouse, and a well with a hand pump. The property is significant for its association with the Grange, the Patrons of Husbandry movement. And the building also is significant as a now-rare example of the once-common false-front architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Blow-Me-Down Grange is a historic Grange hall at 1071 New Hampshire Route 12A in Plainfield, New Hampshire, United States. It is home to the Patrons of Husbandry Chapter 234. It is a rectangular two-story brick structure, built  in 1839 for a Congregational church. The second story was added in 1939-40. A two-stage tower rises from the peak of the roof at its front . Although the interior of the first floor is now used as a meeting space with kitchen, many of the original pews are still in the building, and signs of the presence of more are visible on the pine floors. The building was converted for use as a grange hall in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The halls stage is decorated with a large oil painting, originally made by Lucia Fairchild for the Womans Building of the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 2001. In 2012, there were monthly meetings held there.</p><br>
<p>The Golden Rod Grange No. 114 is a historic grange hall on New Hampshire Route 32 in Swanzey, New Hampshire, United States. The two-story wood frame building was built in 1916, and is one of the cluster of late 19th and early 20th century buildings that make up Swanzeys center. Its first floor has a dining/meeting room in the center, flanked by a kitchen and a large stairwell. The upper level, except for the stairwell antechamber, is a single large hall. The buildings roof is supported by a series of Warren trusses, giving the ceiling an uninterrupted span. There is a raised stage at the southern end of the hall, occupying the space above the kitchen. Most of the interior woodwork is pine, with plastered ceilings. The building is now maintained by the Swanzey Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Historic St. Mary’s Mission is a mission established by the Society of Jesus of the Catholic Church; located now on 4th street in modern-day Stevensville, Montana. Founded in 1841 and designed as an ongoing village for Catholic Salish Indians, St. Mary’s was the first permanent settlement made by European descendants in what became the state of Montana. The mission structure was rebuilt in 1866, with it being added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h4>The search for Black Robes</h4><br>
<p>The Salish came to know about the Jesuits from Catholic Iroquois fur trappers who settled among them either in 1811 or sometime after 1816. Especially Ignace (Big Ignace) aroused attention with his stories about the "Black Robes". Indian delegations reached St. Louis in 1831 and 1835, both in vain asking a priest to follow them back to the Salish country. Lakotas near Ash Hollow (Nebraska) killed a third group in 1837, including Ignace. On September 24 the next year, he returned to the Salish. Accompanying him to the Bitterroot Valley were Fathers Gregory Mengarini and Nicholas Point as well as Brothers Joseph Specht, William Claessens and Charles Huett.</p><br>
<h4>The mission</h4><br>
<p>Carpenter Brother Claessens led the building of the church. As construction began under the supervision of Pierre-Jean De Smet, he described St. Mary&#39;s and the Salish workforce as follows:</p><br>
<p>The women hewed down the timber, assisted by their husbands, with the greatest alacrity and expedition, and in a few weeks we had constructed a log church, capable of holding 900 persons. To ornament the interior, the women placed mats of a species long grass, which were hung on the roof and sides of the church, and spread over the floor,-- it was then adorned with festoons formed of branches of cedar and pine.</p><br>
<p>Houses with lawns were built in harmony with Nicolas Point&#39;s plan, although it made the village open to attacks. A palisade shielded the church. The first communion was at Easter 1842. At this time, Chief Victor held the position as principal representative for the Bitterroot Salish. Father Anthony Ravalli joined the mission in 1845. He inoculated the Indians against smallpox and ran the dispensary. In 1846, the fields yielded 7,000 bushels of wheat and a considerable quantum of garden crops. However, by this time many Salish Indians slowly turned the back to the mission and took up their former life. They felt betrayed with the establishment of a mission at Colville for their Blackfeet enemies.</p><br>
<h4>The mission is closed</h4><br>
<p>Raids by Blackfeet Indians closed the mission in 1850. The abandoned church was burned, following the usual practice in such cases. The Jesuits sold the village to Trader John Owen for 250 dollars, although it actually was built on Salish land.</p><br>
<h4>The mission reopens</h4><br>
<p>After sixteen years, St. Marys mission started afresh in 1866. It was located a mile south of the first colony. The Catholic Salish attented sermons in the new church and later settlers in the area would come as well. The church was enlarged in 1879. When Chief Charlo and the Bitterroot Valley Indians were moved to the other Salish already living in the Jocko Reservation in October 1891, it was the end of St. Marys as an Indian mission.</p><br>
<h4>The mission complex today</h4><br>
<p>The mission complex is open for tours from April through October. The buildings include the chapel with an attached residence, the infirmary, a dove cote, a cabin with Salish artifacts, and a visitor&#39;s center which contains a museum, research library, art gallery and gift shop.</p><br>
<p>City Park Brewery, also known as the Louis Bergdoll Brewing Company was a brewery in north Philadelphia, Pennsylvania built in 1856. Several brewery buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a historic district. Louis J. Bergdoll started his brewery business in 1849 at 508 Vine Street, Philadelphia, and briefly operated as Bergdoll and Schemm. From 1856 until Charles Psotta&#39;s death in 1876, the firm was known as Bergdoll and Psotta. In 1856 the firm built new quarters on 28th and 29th Streets near Fairmount Park and the Schuylkill River. In 1881 the firm was incorporated as City Park Brewery. Louis Bergdoff died in 1894, but the firm continued to operate as a brewery until Prohibition in 1920, and then for a single year after the repeal of Prohibition, in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Several of the brewery buildings are now condominiums, including the "Brewery - Main Building" at 825 N. 29th Street (SE corner of 29th and Parrish) and "The Brewery House" on 28th Street between Parrish and Poplar Streets.</p><br>
<p>A couple of blocks north of the historic district, at 929 North 29th Street, the Queen Anne style Louis J. Bergdoll House, built 1885, is listed separately by the NRHP. The Italianate style Bergdoll Mansion, built in 1890 at 2201–2205 Green Street about 10 blocks southeast of the brewery, is also listed separately on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>The Griggs Grange No. 1467 is a historic Grange hall located near the village of Jefferson in rural Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1890s and occupied by a local Grange since its early years, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction date is uncertain; its first recorded appearance occurred in the early 1890s. Although once used as a house of worship, The group continues meeting in the hall, with most of its finances arising from fundraisers such as raffles. Nationally, Grange membership dropped by 40% between 1992 and 2007, and Ashtabula Countys membership has paralleled the national trend; the 1907 Interstate Commerce Commission recorded four Grange chapters in the vicinity of Jefferson alone, but just seven existed countywide in late 2009, at which time Griggs&#39; membership had fallen to the teens. Nevertheless, the group remains active; the statewide Grange organization recognized Griggs for its community service in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Built of wood, the Grange hall is covered with an asphalt roof and rests on a stone foundation. It is a simple gable-front structure with three side windows. The roof projects over the gable to form eaves, while the entrance is set in the center of the gable, sheltered by a tiny roof with simple structural brackets.</p><br>
<p>In late 1995, the Griggs Grange was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history. It is one of five National Register-listed locations in and around Jefferson, and one of nearly forty such sites countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Eshtemoa Synagogue, located 15 km south of Hebron in as-Samu, West Bank, refers to the remains of an ancient Jewish synagogue dating from around the 4th–5th century CE.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eshtemoa, identified as modern as-Samu, was an ancient city named in the Bible. During Roman and Byzantine period, Eshtemoa was described as a large Jewish village.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the synagogue were identified by L. A. Mayer and A. Reifenberg in 1934. In 1969–70, a full excavation of the site revealed that the building occupied the most prominent site in the village. It was built in "broadhouse" style without columns and measured 13.3 m by 21.3 m. Entry was by any of three doors along its eastern side and one of the three niches recessed into the northern wall functioned as the Torah Ark. The building housed a mosaic floor and displayed external ornamental carvings.</p><br>
<p>After the Muslim conquest, the synagogue was converted into a mosque and a mihrab was added. The western wall is still standing to a height of 7 m. Many architectural elements of the building have been reused in the modern village.</p><br>
<p>The Animas Valley is a lengthy and narrow, north-south 85-mi  long, valley located in western Hidalgo County, New Mexico in the Bootheel Region; the extreme south of the valley lies in Sonora-Chihuahua, in the extreme northwest of the Chihuahuan Desert, the large desert region of the north-central Mexican Plateau and the Rio Grande valley and river system.</p><br>
<p>The Continental Divide of the Americas forms the valley&#39;s eastern border in a series of mountain ranges. The parallel valley eastwards on the eastern side of the Continental Divide is the slightly shorter, but also long and narrow Playas Valley.</p><br>
<p>Westwards of the narrow, lengthy and divided Peloncillo Mountains, are the two valleys in Arizona, the San Simon and San Bernardino Valleys, both east of the massif of the Chiricahua Mountains and associated mountain ranges, which anchor the eastern half of Cochise County. Parts of this entire region with its mountain ridgelines, and mountaintops, and associated valleys are part of the sky island region called the Madrean Sky Islands of Arizona&ndash;New Mexico, and Sonora&ndash;Chihuahua, in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Animas Valley is linear, north-south trending, surrounded by mountain ranges, and is part of the Basin and Range Province of southwest North America. At the southern extremity of the valley straddling the United States and Mexico border lies the Pleistocene aged Lake Cloverdale The extreme north has the Lordsburg Mesa located northwest of Lordsburg and is on the northern perimeter of the Animas Valley, south of the west-flowing Gila River and the towns of Virden and Red Rock.</p><br>
<p>West</p><br>
<p>Lordsburg Mesa</p><br>
<p>Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County)</p><br>
<p>Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County)-(south)</p><br>
<p>Cotton City, NM-(valley center)</p><br>
<p>Animas, New Mexico-(valley center)</p><br>
<p>Cloverdale, NM-Ghost Town</p><br>
<p>Guadalupe Mountains (Hidalgo County)</p><br>
<p>Southwest</p><br>
<p>East</p><br>
<p>Lordsburg, New Mexico</p><br>
<p>Pyramid Mountains</p><br>
<p>Pyramid Mountains-(south)-Cont. Div.</p><br>
<p>Cotton City, NM-(valley center)</p><br>
<p>Animas, New Mexico-(valley center)</p><br>
<p>Antelope, New Mexico-(site)</p><br>
<p>Animas Mountains-Cont. Div.</p><br>
<p>San Luis Mountains (New Mexico)-Cont. Div.</p><br>
<p>&ndash</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls Grange Hall and Forestville School are two historic buildings that served as a Grange meeting hall and as a school located in Great Falls, Fairfax County, Virginia. The Forestville School was built in 1889 as a one-room school, and expanded in 1911 with the appendage of the Floris School. It is an "L"-shaped wood-frame structure covered in weatherboards and topped by a standing-seam metal cross-gable roof. After closing as a school in 1922, it served as a residence and then as the Great Falls Post Office from 1959 until 1982. The Great Falls Grange Hall was built in 1929, and is a 1 1/2-story brick building with a gable front. It features a front porch supported by concrete pillars in the American Craftsman style. Both buildings are owned by the Fairfax County Park Authority.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Comins Hall, also known as the East Eddington Public Hall and the Eddington-Clifton Civic Center, is a historic social and civic meeting hall at 1387 Main Road in Eddington, Maine. Built in 1879, it has since then served as the town&#39;s only major social and civic meeting space, hosting town meetings, dances, dinners, Grange meetings, and traveling performers. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The East Eddington Public Hall is located in the village of East Eddington, on the south side of Main Road (Maine State Route 9), about 0.25 mi west of its junction with Maine State Route 46. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It has restrained Italianate styling, including paired windows under cornices on the front, and a shallow bracketed hood above the main entrance, which is centered on the north-facing main facade. At the south end of the building is a two-story addition, which adds a single bay to the building&#39;s length, and is topped by a hip roof. The interior has a foyer area with ticket booth and stairs winding upward, and a small meeting room to the right. The first floor otherwise houses a large dining room with kitchen area, and the second floor houses an auditorium with stage.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1879 as a community project under the direction of John James Temple, a local carpenter. It was built for the East Eddington Farmers&#39; Club, a local organization at which farmers could meet and discuss agricultural practices that had been established in 1876. The club formed a separate organization, the East Eddington Public Hall Company, to actually own the building and manage its operations. This company operated the building until 1983, when it was taken over by the Eddington-Clifton Civic Center, and renamed Comins Hall in honor of a local family whose members were involved in many local civic affairs.</p><br>
<p>The building was used, since its construction, as a polling place and site for town meetings, serving as the exclusive site of the latter between 1936 and the 1970s. It has hosted all manner of local community groups, including the local Grange chapter, generally at no charge, and has, since the construction of the stage addition in 1911, also hosted traveling theatrical shows and performers.</p><br>
<p>The Eaton School, in Norridgewock, Maine, also known as Somerset Grange #18, is a historic community building at Main Street and Mercer Road in Norridgewock, Maine. Originally built in 1866-67 to house a private academy and the local Masonic lodge, it is notable as an early design of Charles F. Douglas, a Maine native whose career began in Somerset County. The building is a fine local example of Second Empire design, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It has been owned since 1916 by the local chapter of the Grange.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Grange hall is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, set facing northeast on a triangular lot at the junction of Upper Main Street and Mercer Road (United States Route 2). It is three bays wide and four deep, with a bellcast mansard roof. The center bay of the front facade has a double door set in an arch on the first level, a pair of narrow round-arch windows at the second level, and the mansard roof above is broken by a bellcast gable dormer with a false bullseye window. The flanking bays, like those on the side elevations have sash windows. Gable dormers with molded sides pierce the mansard roof on all elevations, although some of the original ones have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The interior has retained its basic organization. The entrance opens to a vestibule, with a staircase going up to the right, and a hallway down the center of the building leads past two smaller classrooms to a larger one at the rear. On the second floor the arrangement is similar, except the large room also has a stage at the west end. The third floor, which was designed for use by the Masonic lodge, has two storage rooms and a large function space with raised platforms on the sides, and ornamental plasterwork in the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The Eaton School was founded in 1865 by Hamilton Fairfield Eaton, and originally shared space in a Greek Revival meeting house and female academy. Rising enrollments prompted Eaton to retain Charles F. Douglas to design this building, which was erected in 1866-67, with funding support from the local Masonic lodge. Although Eaton retired in 1883, the school continued in various guises (and with some interruptions) until 1916, when the building was acquired by the local Grange chapter. The building is an early work of Charles F. Douglas, a native of Brunswick, Maine, whose early career work occurred primarily in Norridgewock and Skowhegan. He later made substantial contributions to the architecture of Lewiston and Auburn before moving to Philadelphia. Douglas&#39; Norridgewock residence is also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Abial Cushman Store  is a historic commercial building at 2766 Lee Road in Lee, Maine. Built in 1840, it is one of the rural community&#39;s few surviving 19th-century commercial buildings, and one of its few examples of Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Abial Cushman Store is located in the rural village center of Lee, just east of Maine State Route 168 on the north side of Lee Road (Maine State Route 6). It is a rectangular wood frame structure, two stories in height, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and a full-width single-story porch across the front. The front corners of the building have pilasters, which rise support an entablature across the front below the eave. The front facade has windows in the second level, and a two-part ground level. The left side of the ground floor houses a storefront with a center entry flanked by large fixed-pane windows, while the right side has a sash window and doorway that provides access to the upper level. A series of telescoping ells project to the rear of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1840, and is believed to be the town&#39;s oldest surviving commercial building. Located in the town center and near the economically important Lee Academy, it was used as a general store for many years. In 1884 it became the home of the local Grange chapter, a role it served for much of the 20th century. It has since undergone some restoration, and is used as a retail and community space.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places December 18, 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines. The church is located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Peter’s Church and Rectory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter’s Parish traces its roots to a group of German women who formed an organization in 1884 to raise money for a Catholic church to serve the German community of Council Bluffs. The organization collected 25 cents monthly from each member. At the time they belonged to the predominately Irish St. Francis Xavier Parish. The German Catholic men organized themselves in 1886 in order to support the establishment of their own parish. Bishop Henry Cosgrove of the Diocese of Davenport, and the B.P. McMenony from St. Francis Xavier both approved of the plan. The parish was formed on April 25, 1887. It was served by Benedictine monks from St. Benedict&#39;s Abbey in Atchison, Kansas, as there was a shortage of German speaking priests at that time in the Davenport diocese.</p><br>
<p>Rock Island, Illinois architect Mathias Schnell designed the church, and Wickham Brothers of Council Bluffs was responsible for its construction. It was completed in 1887 for $11,126. The following year the men of the parish built a frame schoolhouse for the parochial school. By the end of 1888 a frame convent was built for the Benedictine Sisters who taught in the school. Both of these buildings were replaced in 1924 with a brick, combination school building and convent. The brick rectory next to the church was completed for the Benedictine priests in 1895. Wickham Brothers was also responsible for building the rectory. St. Peter&#39;s became a parish in the Diocese of Des Moines when it was formed in 1911, and the clergy from the diocese took over from the Benedictines in 1975. The church and rectory were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is a late 19th-century Gothic Revival structure. It features a symmetrical facade on the gable end and a 100 ft central bell tower capped with a spire. The side elevations are six bays long and are divided by alternating buttresses and pilasters. Lancet windows are located in the center of each bay. The apsidal end of the church features three lancet windows located high in the walls. Brick corbeling is located at the cornice level. The only alteration to the exterior was the addition of a handicap entrance. The interior is divided in three naves, separated by columns. In 2001 the interior of the church was renovated and the statues and frescoes were embellished. A new parish hall was completed in 1999 and the office addition was completed in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The rectory is a 2½-story, brick residential building. It features a full size porch on the front, segmental arched windows, a lunette window and a corbelled brick frieze. Between the church and the rectory is an Our Lady of Grace shrine constructed by the Rev. J.J. Hannan, S.J. around 1958.</p><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church is a parish of the Diocese of Iowa located in Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was begun on May 27, 1855 and it was incorporated in August 1857. A lot was bought for a church on South Market Street, the location of the present library, but it was exchanged for the corner lot at First Ave East and South Third Street. A Gothic Revival style church and a rectory were built on the property in 1869 for $12,000. It was a frame structure that measured 28 by, and it was consecrated on November 20, 1870.</p><br>
<p>The church building was moved to the back of the property in 1896 in preparation for the construction of the present church in 1900. Frank E. Wetherell, a parishioner, designed the Late Gothic Revival style building. It was built of brick with a bell tower by Henry Wetherell for $20,000. The congregation worshiped without an organ until 1920 when $2,500 was raised to purchase one.</p><br>
<p>The 45 ft tower holds 10 bells that were given by Alice Williams Bennett in memory of her parents Micajah and Virginia Williams. The tower was severely damaged by lighting in 1927 and had to be rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The church’s interior features an oak carved altar, lectern, pulpit, rood screen and altar rail. Stained glass windows line the east and west walls. The original frame church was renovated in the 1950s for classrooms, office space and a children&#39;s chapel. In 1985 a pipe organ, which had been built for a church in Bloomer, Wisconsin in 1930, was purchased a rebuilt in the church. It contains 1,126 pipes. A new oak altar was built in 1993 so the priest can face the congregation during the service. It was consecrated on March 29, 1994. The original church was remodeled again in 2001 to create a new fellowship hall. While it was air-conditioned at the time the rest of the church building was air-conditioned in 2004.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary’s Catholic Church is a parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in Guttenberg, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary’s Catholic Church Historic District. In addition to the church the historic district includes the parish rectory, convent, and school building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1851. The parish&#39;s first church building was a 20 by frame structure built in 1851 on the north side of town. A 30 by brick church was constructed two years later and the original frame church was converted into a school. Plans to replace it began in 1865, but disagreements about where to build it doomed the effort. Eventually it was decided to relocate the parish property and a new stone church was completed in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Joseph Brinkman became pastor in 1889. He had been instrumental in the construction of the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa. Brinkman designed a new school (1894), rectory (1899) and the present church (1904). Parishioners had determined that the school building was too small. The 50 by Colonial Revival structure was completed for $8,000, and the old school building was converted into a convent. Soon after the roof of the frame rectory started to deteriorate and it had other problems. A building committee of parishioners decided not to waste money on the old house. The new 42 by residence was completed for $3,500. It is a two-story, brick Colonial Revival structure with Italianate influences. The old rectory was moved to a different lot in town.</p><br>
<p>Complaints about lack of space in church went back as far as 1892. Brinkman suggested adding a side wing onto the 1874 structure, but the parishioners decided a new church was feasible. Groundbreaking took place in 1902 and the church was completed in 1904. The lack of architect fees was a huge savings to the parish in their desire to expand their parish plant. In 1921 a wing was added to the south side of the school building to house, not only increased enrollment, but an exanasion to ten grades. Brinkman had planned to build a new convent to replace the aging former school building the Franciscan Sisters continued to occupy, but he died unexpectedly on October 11, 1925. His successor, the Rev. Joseph A. Dupont, set to work immediately to provide an adequate home for the Sisters. This time a trained architect, Carimir Ignatius Krajewski from Dubuque, was chosen to design the new $13,545 Tudor Revival residence that was completed in 1926. The old convent was torn down.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 a new school building, used in addition to the old school building, was built on the site of the old convent. The high school department was discontinued in 1968, and the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration ended their 98 years of service to the parish that same year. The grade school was consolidated with Immaculate Conception School in North Buena Vista, also in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is a Gothic Revival, cross-shaped structure that features twin spires, which flank a tripartite entrance portal. It was originally designed to be built of sandstone. After the stone foundation was completed it was decided to build the structure with bricks that were manufactured in St. Louis, Missouri. The church’s dimensions are: 152 ft long, 62 ft wide, and 74 ft at the transept. The church can seat 800 people. The bell towers are 146 ft high and rise well above any other structure in town.</p><br>
<p>Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church is a parish church in the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in the unincorporated community of Petersburg, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first church building for Saints Peter and Paul parish was constructed of limestone in 1868. The present church was completed in 1906. It was constructed in cut-stone, quarried in Stone City, Iowa, in the Late Gothic Revival style. It was designed by Dubuque architect Martin Heer. The church was commissioned during the pastorate of the Rev. William B. Sassen in 1903. The foundation was laid by M.J. Mersch, and Dubuque contractor F.D. Schnak was responsible for the superstructure. The altars and the confessionals were created by the Hackner Altar Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin. The interior frescos were the work of Joseph Walters of Dubuque. The stained glass windows were designed and manufactured under the direction of Victor von der Frost in Munster, Germany. The church was completed for $85,000. The pipe organ in the rear gallery was built by the Tellers Organ Company of Erie, Pennsylvania in 1939. In addition to the church, the rectory (1917) and an Art Deco school building are located on the parish grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is, by far, the dominate structure in the village of Petersburg. The cross-shaped structure is 150 by, and 74 ft wide at the transept. The tall central tower and spire on the main facade rises 145 ft. It is flanked by two 120 ft towers on the corners of the facade. The side elevations are six bays long, including the corner tower and the transept. Each bay features a large lancet window below a grouping of three small lancet windows in a wall dormer above. Rose windows replace the window groups in the wall dormers on the transept. In the rear of the structure is a polygonal apse surrounded by a rectangular sacristy.</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines. The church is located in Westphalia, Iowa, United States, and the parish plant is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Saint Boniface Catholic Church District. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 16 resources, including six contributing buildings, one contributing structure, two contributing sites, one contributing object, six noncontributing buildings, and one noncontributing object.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Westphalia was settled by German Catholics in the 1870s. The community’s founder, Herman Schwarte, envisioned a peaceful village where Germans could work the land, be self-sufficient and help one another. The community would be centered on their own church. The Emil Flusche home was the location of the first Catholic Mass. He was the land agent for the railroad who encouraged German Catholics to settle here and helped establish a Catholic church in this community. Bishop John Hennessy of the Diocese of Dubuque bought the property and established the parish in 1873. The cemetery was laid out the following year. In 1881 the parish became a part of the Diocese of Davenport when it was established. Father Weber was the pastor when the church was built. Bishop John McMullen of Davenport dedicated it in 1882. The rectory (1888) and the carriage house/ barn were built during the pastorate of Msgr. Brommenschenkel. The parish became part of the Diocese of Des Moines when it was established in 1911. It was incorporated the following year. The Rev. Hubert Duren became pastor in 1926 after a period of decline for the town. He is credited with its rebirth through his Complete Life Program. It was during his 36-year pastorate that the parochial school (1927), ball diamond (c. 1927), Shrine of Our Lady of Grace (1930), corn crib (First Fruits; 1933), and the clubhouse (1934) were built.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Boniface Church was designed by Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer in the Romanesque Revival style. The workers baked their own bricks on site to build the church. It follows a rectangular plan and features a central bell tower capped with a spire, and three entry doors across the main facade. It and the rectory were covered with stucco in 1919. The rectory is a two-story brick residence capped with a truncated hipped roof. It was designed by the Omaha architectural firm of Creeglon and Berlinghof. The school building is a 2½ brick structure designed by Lahr and Stangel of Omaha. It features a monumental stone veneered central entry. The cemetery is notable for a significant number of cast iron and hand-wrought iron crosses for grave markers. There is also a frame, Romanesque Revival, Chapel of St. Joseph located near the cemetery gate.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick’s Catholic Church, Cedar is a former parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located west of Churdan, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been reduced in status to an oratory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cedar Creek area of Greene County, Iowa was settled by Irish Catholics in the 1850s. Father Marsh from Fort Dodge said the first Mass in June 1863 in the home of Myles Fitzpatrick. Other missionary priests who served the area included Fathers Delaney, Concannon, Barry, McGrath, Mulvehill, O&#39;Farrell, and Quirk. Fitzpatrick donated five acres of land for a church in 1872, and the lumber to build the building. It was the first Catholic church in Greene County. The white frame building with a bell tower was built by L. Isaac Ritchie. The first pastor assigned to the parish was the Rev. George Costello, who was pastor at St. Patrick’s Lohrville at the same time. The parish was founded in the Diocese of Dubuque and became a part of the Diocese of Sioux City when it was established in 1902.</p><br>
<p>A new church was built in 1915 in the Romanesque Revival style. The building was designed by William LeBarthe Steele and built by C. F. Mayer of Humboldt. It was constructed of matt-faced brick and stone at a cost of $24,000.00. It was dedicated by Bishop Philip J. Garrigan of Sioux City, on November 7, 1915. Four years later on Sunday, June 15, 1919, the building caught fire and was reduced to a brick shell. In the years following it was rebuilt using the old foundation and walls.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression was a difficult time for the parish. It owed the American Savings Bank in Carroll $2,383.99. The church property was put into receivership on September 6, 1934. Dennis Hayes bought the property in a public sale, the note was paid on July 6, 1936 and the property was returned to the parish.</p><br>
<p>The church building started to deteriorate in the 1970s and 80s and it was extensively renovated. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. St. Patrick’s was part of the first parish cluster in the Sioux City diocese in 1988 when it was clustered with St. Columbkilles, St. Johns Paton and St. Bridgets Grand Junction. In 1995 the cluster was changed to include St. Patrick’s and St. Columbkilles as before and St. Paul&#39;s Scranton. In August 1996 the parish was reduced in status to an oratory.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick’s Catholic Church is a parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in northwest Jackson County, Iowa, United States in an unincorporated community in Butler Township called Garryowen. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area known as Garryowen was settled by Irish immigrants from County Limerick and County Cork in 1838-1839. The parish was founded by the Rev. Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli, OP in 1840. At that time there were about 100 Catholics in the area. Three years later there were 600 Catholics, and the parish supported a school. The first church building was a log structure, which was built by parishioners. Bishop Mathias Loras contributed $600 from the Society for the Propagation of the Faith towards its construction.</p><br>
<p>Six other parishes were created from St. Patricks. St. Mathias in Cascade, which at one time had been divided into the two parishes of St. Martins and St. Marys; St. Josephs in Bellevue; St. Peters in Temple Hill; Assumption in Sylvia Switch; St. Aloysius in South Garryowen, and Sacred Heart in Fillmore. St. Patricks is the second oldest parish and it has the oldest church building in the Dubuque Archdiocese, and it is the oldest Catholic rural parish in Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The present church was built in 1854, minus the tower. It was completed about 1875. Master builder J. Boland is credited with designing the church. The person who designed the tower is unknown, but it is similar in design to Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer&#39;s at St. Lawrence Church in Otter Creek. The stone for the church was quarried 3 mi south of the church, and the lime for the mortar was kilned nearby. The rectangular structure measures 103 by with a 118 ft projecting tower on the main facade. The tower is capped by an octagon-shaped belfry, also of stone, and a spire. The structure is six bays long, and there is a Gothic arched window in each bay. The main facade provides a symmetrical arraignment of three bays with an entrance portal in each bay.</p><br>
<p>Gay Street is a street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, that traverses the heart of the citys downtown area. Since its development in the 1790s, Gay Street has served as the citys principal financial and commercial thoroughfare, and has played a primary role in the citys historical and cultural development. The street contains Knoxvilles largest office buildings and oldest commercial structures. Several buildings on Gay Street have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Part of Charles McClung&#39;s original 1791 plat of Knoxville, Gay Street was a focal point for the early political activity of both the city as well as the State of Tennessee. On the eve of the Civil War, Gay Street was the site of simultaneous Union and Confederate recruiting rallies. After the war, Gay Street saw extensive commercial development as railroad construction brought an industrial boom to Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Gay Street and events that took place on Gay Street have been mentioned in the works of James Agee, Cormac McCarthy, Mark Twain, and George Washington Harris. Cultural institutions established along Gay Street include the Lawson McGhee Library (1885), the Bijou Theatre (1909), the Riviera Theatre (1920), the Tennessee Theatre (1928), and the East Tennessee History Center (2004). The Knoxville Journal, Knoxville Whig, and Knoxville Register were all once headquartered on Gay Street, and radio stations WNOX and WROL both broadcast from Gay Street at various times during the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Route and landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Gay Street runs for about a mile-and-a-half from its northern terminus at Emory Place to its southern terminus at its intersection with Sevier Avenue and Blount Avenue on the south side of the Tennessee River. The road is divided into North Gay and South Gay by the tracks of the Southern Railway, with South Gay being the older and more densely developed half.</p><br>
<p>From north to south:</p><br>
<p>500 block, North Gay, from Emory Place to West Fifth Avenue&mdash; this section of Gay Street traverses the Emory Place Historic District, and intersects Emory Place a block east of Broadway, opposite Old Gray Cemetery. First Christian Church and St. John&#39;s Lutheran Church lie adjacent to this section of Gay, although they have Fifth Avenue and Broadway addresses, respectively.</p><br>
<p>400 block, North Gay, from West Fifth to West Magnolia.</p><br>
<p>From West Magnolia to East Magnolia, North Gay passes under Interstate 40. The area under the interstate is used for parking space.</p><br>
<p>300 block, North Gay, from East Magnolia to West Depot Avenue. This section of Gay Street is part of a merged stretch of USA Route 70, USA Route 11, and State Route 1, which joins Gay Street from the east via Magnolia and diverges from Gay to the west via Depot. Regas Restaurant dominates the eastern half of this block.</p><br>
<p>The Gay Street Viaduct, which crosses the Southern Railway tracks. The tracks comprise a large railyard that occupies a natural declivity about 15 ft below street level. From the viaduct, there is a sweeping view of the Old City to the east and the Jackson Avenue warehouses to the south. The Southern Railroad Terminal lies along the tracks, immediately east of the viaduct.</p><br>
<p>100 block, South Gay, from Jackson Avenue to Vine Avenue. This section of Gay Street is part of the Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District. Notable buildings include the 10-story Sterchi Lofts building, the Emporium, and the Commerce Building.</p><br>
<p>200 block, South Gay, from Vine Avenue to Summit Hill Drive.</p><br>
<p>300 block, South Gay, from Summit Hill Drive to Wall Avenue; this is the northernmost block of the Gay Street Commercial Historic District, which stretches along South Gay from Summit Hill to Church Avenue. Notable buildings on this block include the five-story Century Building and the Knoxville Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>400 block, South Gay, from Wall Avenue to Union Avenue. A narrow alley divides the buildings on the western half of this block from the buildings facing Market Square to the west. Notable buildings include the Kress Building, the McNulty Building (Mast Department Store), the Sanford, the seven-story Miller&#39;s department store building, the Chamberlain and Albers Company Building (Tailor Lofts), and the Woodruff Building. Many of the buildings on this block were built in the wake of the so-called "Million Dollar Fire," which destroyed almost the entire east side of the 400 block on April 8, 1897.</p><br>
<p>500 block, South Gay, from Union Avenue to Clinch Avenue. The western half of this block adjoins Krutch Park. Notable buildings include the Fidelity Building, the Riviera Theatre, the S & W Cafeteria, the Farragut Hotel building, and The Holston.</p><br>
<p>600 block, South Gay, from Clinch Avenue to Church Avenue. This is the southernmost block in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District. Notable buildings include the Tennessee Theatre, the Mechanics&#39; Bank building, and the Journal Arcade. "The Oarsman," a sculpture created in 1988 by David Phelps, stands at the corner of Church and Gay.</p><br>
<p>700 block, South Gay, from Church Avenue to Cumberland Avenue. The western half of this block is a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>800 block, South Gay, from Cumberland Avenue to Main Street. The First Tennessee Plaza, Knoxvilles tallest building, occupies the entire eastern half of this block. The Bijou Theatre, Knoxvilles oldest commercial structure, occupies the western half.</p><br>
<p>900 block, South Gay, from Main to Hill Avenue. The Riverview Tower and Andrew Johnson Building occupy the eastern half of this block, and the Knox County Courthouse (which faces Main) occupies the western half. The City-County Building dominates the southwest corner of the Gay/Hill intersection. The visitor center for Blount Mansion stands at the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>The Gay Street Bridge, a 1,512 ft steel truss bridge that crosses the Tennessee River. The bridge passes over Neyland Drive (part of Highway 158) and the riverfront before proceeding across the river to South Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Intersection with Sevier and Blount avenues just across the bridge. Blount Avenue continues westward, connecting Gay with Chapman Highway. Sevier Avenue continues eastward toward the Island Home Park area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>Gay Street was part of the original plat of Knoxville drawn up by surveyor Charles McClung in 1791. The street originally stretched from the river to what is now Church Avenue (Knoxvilles original northern boundary). Within a few years, the boundary had been extended to Clinch Avenue, effectively adding what is now Gay Streets 600 block. The eastern half of this block was originally part of the land set aside by Knoxville founder James White for Blount College, had been applied by 1808.</p><br>
<p>The intersection of Gay and Main was the focal point of late 18th century Knoxville, with the courthouse initially located at its northwest corner and the jail located at its southeast corner. Knoxvilles first store, established in 1792 by brothers Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan, was located on the northeast corner of this intersection, and the citys first major hotel (now part of the Bijou) was built on the southwest corner in 1817. On January 11, 1796, the first Tennessee state constitutional convention convened at the office of War Department agent Colonel David Henley, which was located at the corner of Gay and Church.</p><br>
<p>This early political and commercial activity on Gay Street helped the street develop into Knoxvilles main throroughfare, and by 1850, Gay Street was home to three-fourths of Knoxvilles commercial activity. In 1851, the street&#39;s sidewalks were widened to 11 ft. Two years later, Gay Street was macadamized and paved with cobblestones. Upon completion of the railroad in 1855, Gay Street was extended still further northward to what are now the Southern Railway tracks.</p><br>
<h3>The Civil War</h3><br>
<p>In the months leading up to the Civil War, prominent pro-Union and pro-Secession supporters spoke at Gay Street venues such as the Lamar House Hotel, while the Knoxville Whig and Knoxville Register, which were arguably the mouthpieces for East Tennessee Unionism and secessionism, respectively, were both headquartered on Gay Street. In April 1861, Union and Confederate supporters held simultaneous recruiting rallies at opposite ends of Gay Street. Future president Andrew Johnson spoke at the Union rally, and a shootout nearly erupted when several Confederate recruits attempted to interrupt his speech.</p><br>
<p>Union forces under Ambrose Burnside occupied Knoxville in September 1863, and Burnside chose as his headquarters the home of John Hervey Crozier at the corner of Gay and Church streets (now the location of the Farragut Hotel). Union general William P. Sanders, who was wounded in a skirmish with Confederate troops on the outskirts of town in November 1863, died at the Lamar House Hotel, which had been converted into a hospital.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial development</h3><br>
<p>After the Civil War, several major banks were established during Knoxvilles post-Civil War commercial boom, including Mechanics National Bank (1882) and Holston National Bank (1890), both of which would eventually build headquarters that still stand on Gay Street. After the Great Depression, Hamilton National Bank (operating out of the Holston building) grew to become the dominant bank in East Tennessee. In the 1970s, this bank was seized by United American Bank president Jake Butcher, who built the Plaza and Riverview towers before being indicted for bank fraud in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1830s, James Cowan (a nephew of Samuel and Nathaniel Cowan) and his brother-in-law, Perez Dickinson, opened a large general store at the corner of Gay and Main. During the 1850s, Cowan and Dickinson merged their interests with the McClung brothers (children of surveyor Charles McClung) to form the wholesaling giant, Cowan, McClung and Company. In the years following the Civil War, this company was the most profitable in Tennessee, and anchored Knoxvilles powerful wholesaling sector. The companys four-story headquarters, erected on Gay Street&#39;s 500 block in 1871, was the cornerstone of what is now known as the Gay Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Sterchi Brothers, founded in 1888, grew to become the worlds largest furniture store chain by 1930, and built its 10-story headquarters at 114 South Gay in 1928. W. W. Woodruff and Company, founded in 1865, maintained a presence on Gay Street into the late 20th century. Gay Street was home to many of Knoxvilles major department stores throughout the first half of the 20th century, most notably Millers and S. H. Georges.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural development</h3><br>
<p>Throughout most of the 19th century, the Lamar House Hotel on Gay Street was the premier gathering place for Knoxvilles upper class. During the 1870s and 1880s, the hotels masquerade balls served oysters, imported wines, and cigars, and drew the likes of artist Lloyd Branson (whose studio was also located on Gay Street) and author Frances Hodgson Burnett. By the 1930s, the Farragut Hotel (1917) and the Andrew Johnson Hotel (1930) had become Knoxvilles premier hotels. Country music singer Hank Williams spent the last night of his life at the latter on New Years Eve, 1952.</p><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first major performance venue, Staubs Theatre, was built on Gay Streets 800 block in 1872, and in its early years showcased acts ranging from Paysons English Opera Troupe to vaudeville acts and wrestling matches. The Bijou Theatre, constructed as an addition to the Lamar House Hotel in 1909, would witness performances by the likes of the Marx Brothers, Dizzy Gillespie, and the Ballets Russes. During the late 1920s, the Tennessee Theatre eclipsed the Bijou as Knoxvilles major performance venue, and served as the citys first-run movie house until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Knoxvilles two oldest radio stations, WNOX and WROL, broadcast from Gay Street during the 1920s and 1930s. WNOX featured Lowell Blanchards Mid-Day Merry-Go-Round, initially broadcast from the Andrew Johnson Hotel, which helped launch the careers of performers such as Roy Acuff and Archie Campbell, and remained a popular noon-time radio show until the 1950s. WROL, which broadcast from the Central House Hotel (next to the Farragut), the Mechanics&#39; Bank building, and later from a North Gay location, was best known in this period for its host, eccentric local businessman Cas Walker.</p><br>
<h3>Structural improvements</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first permanent bridge over the Tennessee River was constructed at the south end of Gay Street in 1867, but stood for just a short time. In 1880, G. W. Saulpaw built what became known as the "Saulpaw bridge" at the site, which stood until it was replaced by the current Gay Street Bridge in 1898. At the streets north end, an iron bridge was built across the Southern Railway tracks in 1876, easing pedestrian access between the north and south sides of the tracks. The first Gay Street Viaduct across the tracks was built in 1919, and the current viaduct was built in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, the Knoxville Streetcar Company built the city&#39;s first trolley line along Gay Street. The trolleys, initially pulled by horses, were electrified by William Gibbs McAdoo in 1890. The Gay Street Bridge originally contained trolley tracks, which helped spark the development of South Knoxville, especially the Island Home Park and Vestal areas. Trolleys were a common site on Gay Street until the trolley lines were eliminated and the tracks paved over in the late 1940s.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and revitalization</h3><br>
<p>The development of suburbs on the periphery of Knoxville in the 1950s led to the rise of suburban shopping centers, and Gay Street, which had long struggled with traffic congestion and lack of parking, began to decline as a major retail corridor. In 1954, Richs (which had purchased S. H. Georges) moved to a new location, and Millers abandoned plans to build a new store on Gay Streets 800 block. In an attempt to revitalize the downtown area, several Knoxville businessmen formed the Downtown Knoxville Association in 1956. Following the DKA&#39;s suggestions, more parking space was created for Gay Street businesses and storefronts were renovated, but efforts to revitalize Gay Street as a major commercial corridor were largely unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s and 1980s, Gay Street transitioned from a retail corridor to an office market, symbolized by the erection of the Plaza and Riverview towers, and the renovation of the Andrew Johnson Hotel as an office building. During the same period, successful efforts to save the Bijou laid the foundation for the preservation group Knox Heritage, and more focus was placed on the preservation of Gay Street&#39;s historical integrity. More recently, a number of Gay Street high-rises, including the Holston, Sterchi Lofts, and the upper levels of the Burwell Building, have been successfully renovated as downtown condominium space.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the American Planning Association named Gay Street one of its top 10 "Great Streets" in America.</p><br>
<h2>Literary references</h2><br>
<p>Humorist George Washington Harris, who lived on Gay Street during the mid-19th century and died at the Atkin Hotel on North Gay, made one of the earliest literary references to a Gay Street institution in his 1867 short story, "Eaves-Dropping a Lodge of Free-Masons." In this story, Harris&#39;s rustic protagonist, Sut Lovingood, claims that a powerful group of Freemasons once met on the second level of the Knox County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In his autobiography, Road Without Turning (1950), African American clergyman and activist James Herman Robinson describes an incident in which he attempted to board a bus on Gay Street, but was shoved away by the driver for not waiting for the white passengers to board first.</p><br>
<p>In the opening chapter of his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, A Death in the Family, author James Agee recounts taking a trip with his father into downtown Knoxville in 1915 to see a movie at Gay Streets Majestic Theater. Agee remembered the theaters "exhilarating smell of stale tobacco, rank sweat, perfume and dirty drawers." He also recalled the "great bright letters" of storefront signs of various Gay Street businesses, and remembered being proud of himself for knowing how to pronounce "Sterchi."</p><br>
<p>Cormac McCarthy references Gay Street numerous times in his 1979 novel, Suttree, which is set in Knoxville in the early 1950s. Several scenes in the book take place at businesses that once existed on the street, including Millers, Regas, the Farragut Hotel, Walgreens, the Huddle, and the hotel section of the Bijou (which he merely called "a real rat trap"). In McCarthys 1965 novel, The Orchard Keeper, one of the main characters witnesses a temperance parade on Gay Street.</p><br>
<p>Mark Twain gave an account of the 1882 Mabry-OConnor shootout (which took place on Gay Streets 600 block) in his book, Life on the Mississippi. More recently, the Bijou Theatre provided the inspiration for the 1974 David Madden novel, Bijou. Author Jack Mauro published a collection of Knoxville-based short stories entitled Gay Street in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Gay Street Commercial Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Gay Street Commercial Historic District, added to the National Register in 1986, originally consisted of 35 buildings constructed circa 1880&mdash;1940 along Gay Street and adjacent side streets. Another listing, the Hope Clock, was moved to West Knoxville in 2004, and was replaced by a new street clock in 2007. One notable non-contributing building is the 1905 Miller&#39;s building, which was not included due to extensive exterior modifications which have since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal and most of Gay Street&#39;s 100 block were listed on the National Register as contributing properties within the Southern Terminal and Warehouses Historic District. The Andrew Johnson Hotel, the Bijou Theatre (listed as the Lamar House Hotel), and the Knox County Courthouse were all listed individually. Notable contributing properties in the Gay Street Commercial Historic District include:</p><br>
<p>Century Building (312 South Gay), a five story Victorian Vernacular structure built in 1886. This building is sometimes called the Haynes-Henson Building after its long-time occupant, the Haynes-Henson Shoe Company.</p><br>
<p>McNulty Building (402 South Gay), a four-story Vernacular Commercial structure built in 1898, and named for its original occupant, McNulty Grocery and Dry Goods Company. This building is currently home to a branch of the Mast General Store.</p><br>
<p>Gay Theater (403 South Gay), a two-story Colonial Revival-style building constructed in 1910. This building is currently home to the Lerner Lofts condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Kress Building (417-421 South Gay), a four-story Art Deco-style structure built circa 1925. The Kress Building is currently home to J&#39;s Mega Mart.</p><br>
<p>Woodruff Building (424 South Gay), a five-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1905 for the hardware firm, W. W. Woodruff and Company. Woodruff&#39;s original building at this site burned in the "Million Dollar Fire" of 1897, and the second burned in 1904. This building is currently home to a restaurant, the Downtown Grill and Brewery.</p><br>
<p>Arnold, Henegar, Doyle and Company Building (428 South Gay), a five story Victorian Commercial and Romanesque Revival-style building constructed in 1898. Arnold, Henegar, Doyle and Company was a late-19th century boot and shoe wholesaler. This building is currently home to Sapphire, a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Sanford, Chamberlain and Albers Company Building (430 South Gay), a three-story Vernacular Commercial-style building constructed in 1870 and modified circa 1910. The building was initially home to the drug company Sanford, Chamberlain and Albers, and later home to Szabo&#39;s tailor shop. The building is now a mixed-use building which houses one restaurant, Five Bar, and several apartments. It has since been renamed Tailor Lofts.</p><br>
<p>Fidelity Building (500-504 South Gay), a four-story Italianate building constructed in 1871, and renovated by the architectural firm Baumann and Baumann in 1929. This building was initially home to the wholesaling firm, Cowan, McClung and Company.</p><br>
<p>Riviera Theatre (510 South Gay), a two-story Art Deco-style theater constructed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>S & W Cafeteria (516-518 South Gay), a two-story Art Deco-style building constructed in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Athletic House (520 South Gay), a two-story Vernacular Commercial building constructed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Central House Hotel (522 South Gay), a three-story Italianate building constructed in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Farragut Hotel (526-530 South Gay), a nine-story building with Beaux-Arts elements, constructed in 1917. The Farragut replaced the Imperial Hotel, which burned in 1916. This building is currently a condominium, and its ground floor is occupied by a restaurant, the French Market.</p><br>
<p>The Holston (531 South Gay), a 14-story Neoclassical-style building constructed 1912-1913 for the Holston National Bank. This building is now a condominium.</p><br>
<p>Tennessee Theatre, or the Burwell Building (600 South Gay), a 12-story Spanish/Moorish-style building constructed in 1907. The Tennessee Theatre, which was added to the building 1928, is still used as a performance venue, while the upper floors of the building now house condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics&#39; Bank and Trust Company Building (612 South Gay), a six-story Beaux-Arts structure originally built in 1907, and raised two stories in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Journal Arcade (618-620 South Gay), a two-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1924, and designed by architect R. F. Graf. This building was originally the press room of the long-time Knoxville newspaper, The Knoxville Journal. Its current tenants include the Knoxville Mercury.</p><br>
<p>Cal Johnson Building (311-313 State Street), a three-story structure built in 1898 by prominent African-American businessman, Cal Johnson (1844&ndash;1925). Johnson also operated a saloon known as the "Poplar Log" at the corner of Gay and Vine in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Glencoe (615 State Street), a three-story Classical Revival-style building constructed in 1905. The Glencoe is now a condominium.</p><br>
<p>Kolleg St. Ludwig is a campus located in Vlodrop, The Netherlands. It was built in 1909, used as a Franciscan monastery and boarding school and purchased by the Maharishi Foundation in 1984. The campus is near the villages of Vlodrop-station and Vlodrop in Limburg, the Netherlands, adjacent to the Dutch-German border and the defunct Iron Rhine railroad, and is surrounded by Meinweg National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A group of Franciscan brothers from Saxony purchased the land from the owner of a castle in the southern Limburg region of the Netherlands.</p><br>
<p>The college was named after Saint Louis of Toulouse, a saint who was an heir to the throne of Napoli, but who renounced the throne and gave it to his younger brother, and himself became a Franciscan monk, took all the Franciscan vows and served the poor, the sick and the hungry. The seminary building was designed by a monk and featured 600 doors and 1,200 windows, all covered by 17,000 m&sup2; of roof. It was attended by over 3,000 male students.</p><br>
<p>The Franciscans sold the property to the Dutch government for use as a police training facility but it was never put to use. The Maharishi Foundation purchased the property in 1984 for USD 900,000 and it later became the Maharishi European Research University (MERU) campus as well as Maharishi Mahesh Yogis movement headquarters and residence. The buildings were old, inefficient, in disrepair and did not meet the Maharishis design standards A three-story, nearly life-sized canvas illustration of the intended replacement building was put up on the front side of the partially demolished building. The local government later ordered its removal.</p><br>
<p>Allen&#39;s Cider Mill is a historic cider mill at 7 Mountain Road in Granby, Connecticut. With a history extending back to 1783, it was at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 one the few operational cider mills in the state of Connecticut. It is presently abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Allens Cider Mill stands in the crossroads village of North Granby, on the south side of Mountain Road just west of its junction with Connecticut Route 189. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, set close to the road, with a gable roof and a 1-1/2 story shed addition. Its exterior is finished in vertical board siding. The main facade is three bays wide, with doors in the center and right bays on the ground floor, and square multilight windows in the other bays. The placement of the central door is slightly off-center. The interior contains functional equipment for making cider that dates to the mid-20th century, and vestigial remains of older equipment, including a conveyor mechanism for transporting apples into the mills hopper. The attic space has traces of plasterwork, indicating it was a finished space, which was probably used for aging cider.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the cider mill sits has been used for the making of cider since at least 1783, when Silas Cossitt opened a mill across the street. It operated until about 1857, a period when North Granby was one of Connecticuts major cider brandy producing centers. It is believed that the frame of Silas Cossitts 18th-century house was used in the construction of this building. In the 1860s this building was constructed as an almshouse for the town&#39;s indigent population. It was originally located at the road junction, where the present post office stands, and was moved a short way west and converted into a dance hall in the 1870s. It was moved to its present location a few years later, and housed the local Grange chapter. It was adapter for use as a cider mill in 1899.</p><br>
<p>Kent-Valentine House is a historic home in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1845 from plans by Isaiah Rogers of Boston. It is a three-story, five bay, stuccoed brick mansion with a</p><br>
<p>two-story wing at the rear of the west side. It features a two-story, three-bay portico with Roman</p><br>
<p>Ionic columns and balustrade. In 1904, the house was enlarged to its present five bay width and the interior redesigned in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The house is the headquarters of the Historic Garden Week project of the Garden Club of Virginia, which is the nations only statewide house and garden tour that runs for a week each April across the state of Virginia. In its 84th year, the tour is of Virginias most historic houses, as well as a sampling of other notable private residences. It is run from offices at the Kent-Valentine House on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Lake Blue Ridge is a reservoir in Fannin County, in the northern portion of the USA state of Georgia. The lake encompasses 3,300 acre of water, and a "full summer pool" of approximately 1,686 ft above mean sea level. It is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and is primarily fed by the Toccoa River.</p><br>
<p>Blue Ridge Lake was created by the completion of Blue Ridge Dam and has approximately 60 mi of shoreline and a flood storage capacity of 68,550 acre.ft. The lake&#39;s levels fluctuate by about 20 ft in a typical year. Blue Ridge Dam was completed in 1930. It stands 175 feet high and is 1,553 feet wide across the Toccoa river. The dam provides up to 13 megawatts of power via a single generator.</p><br>
<h2>Drawdown 2010</h2><br>
<p>As part of the Blue Ridge Dam Rehabilitation project, the Tennessee Valley Authority, began slowly lowering the elevation of Lake Blue Ridge in July 2010. This rehabilitation project aimed to repair the dam penstock and to stabilize both the upstream and downstream faces of the dam. The project reduced the water level in the lake to approximately 1630 feet above sea level around the middle of October 2010 and the portion of work requiring the drawdown was completed in April 2011 when refilling of the lake began. However, TVA decided to hold the lake level at 1,672 feet through the summer of 2012 due to unexpected ground movement experienced in March 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Kapaz or Kepez  is a mountain in Lesser Caucasus near Ganja city in central Azerbaijan. Kapaz rises 3,065 meters above the sea level. It is located next to Lake Göygöl and its huge rocks broken off the mount and blocking a nearby river in 1139 earthquake were a cause for creation of the lake. In the Middle Ages, the mount was also called "Alparak", the name it borrowed from the Alparak lake  translated from ancient Turkic languages as "the place covered by dam"  referring to the big rocks which blocked the Agsu river and creating a lake. A famous Persian writer Nizami Ganjavi wrote about the earthquake of 1139 referring to the lake and mount as Alparak.</p><br>
<p>The ice melting off the mount feeds the waters of Göygöl with pure water. A famous "Göygöl Winery" utilizes some of that pure water for production of certains brands of vodka such as "Khan-VIP", "Khan Export" and "Khan Premium" which gained it gold and bronze medals at "United Vodka-2008" competition in Brussels.</p><br>
<p>Archeological findings of ancient communal items in recent years near Kapaz and Qoshqar mounts and near the Kura River in the vicinity of Ganja confirm the area was a place of early inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>St. Boniface Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States, and the parish buildings form an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In December 1885 a meeting was held by German Catholics in Sioux City to form a new parish. It was the second parish in the city. They purchased two lots on the corner of West Fifth and Main Streets for $1,500. The Rev. John A Gerleman was appointed the parish’s first pastor on Christmas Eve 1886. A small frame church was built and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on July 17, 1887. The parish school opened the same year with Franciscan Sisters from Dubuque, Iowa teaching in the school.</p><br>
<p>The parish was started when Sioux City was still in the Diocese of Dubuque. It became part of the Diocese of Sioux City when it was formed in 1902. In 1906 Franciscan Friars from the Sacred Heart Province started serving the parish. That year the Rev. Seraphin Lampe, OFM became pastor that year and plans were made for a new church. A new church and rectory were built on West Fifth Street between Omaha and Cook Streets. Brother Leonard Darschield, OFM designed the new church in the Romanesque Revival style. The new church was dedicated by Bishop Philip Joseph Garrigan on September 4, 1911. That same a year a new convent for the sisters was built.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of the Living Word started staffing the school in 1975. In 1986 the Franciscan Friars left the parish and were replaced by priests from the diocese. The schools from St. Boniface, St. Joseph and the Cathedral of the Epiphany consolidated in 1987 to form Holy Family School.</p><br>
<p>Zapatera is an archaeological site located on Isla Zapatera, a volcanic island in Lake Nicaragua, Granada Department, Nicaragua. The large quantity of statues, petroglyphs and pottery found at the site, and on other islands in the Zapatera archipelago, suggests the area was an important ceremonial centre of pre-Columbian Chorotega people between 800 and 1350 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Isla Zapatera is a dormant volcano 629 m high, with an area of 52 km&sup2; – making it the second largest island in Lake Nicaragua, after Ometepe. It is situated in a relatively shallow and calm area of the lake known as Charco Muerto (Dead Pond) and, at its closest point to the northwest, it is just 1 km from the mainland. Zapatera and ten nearby islands and islets form the Zapatera archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849 Zapatera was visited by American diplomat and archaeologist Ephraim George Squier, who noted the presence of a considerable amount of statues and petroglyphs in an area known as Punta de las Figuras. More than 30 years later, in 1883, Squier&#39;s report encouraged Swedish naturalist Carl Bovallius to undertake a more extensive survey of the island. Bovallius discovered 25 statues in Sonzapote and a number of petroglyphs on the islet of La Ceiba. Mexican Felipe Pardines also published a series of articles on the El Muerto island petroglyphs in the 1930s. The most recent archaeological investigations were carried out in the 1980s and involved a number of small excavations, but an in depth study of the island is still lacking.</p><br>
<p>Looting and the removal of the archaeological remains has been a persistent problem at Zapatera. Almost all the statues have been removed from the island: a sizeable collection is preserved in San Francisco Convent Museum in Granada, but many others are used as ornament in state buildings or have found their way into the hands of private collectors. Smaller finds have also been largely dispersed into private or foreign museum collections.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>The statues and the majority of the petroglyphs and pottery at Zapatera have been dated to between 800 and 1350 CE, and is ascribed to the Chorotega, an indigenous Mesoamerican culture. Finds from this period also include utensils and zoomorphic figurines in a similar style to examples from the mainland. Some of the petroglyphs and pottery may date back as far as 500 BCE, and others are contemporary with Spanish colonies.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent finds from Zapatera were statues. According to records, they were carved of black basalt, generally between 1 to 2.25 m high, and more than 150 cm in diameter. They depicted both humans and animals and are speculated to represent either deities or high-status individuals. Most are found around earthen or stone mounds, facing outwards, suggesting they formed part of a ceremonial installation. On the basis of engravings near these sites it has been proposed that they may have been host to human sacrifices.</p><br>
<p>Corpus Christi Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located in Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Corpus Christi parish can trace its beginnings to a Mass that was held in the home of Michael Collins in 1855. At the time the Fort Dodge area was a part of the Diocese of Dubuque, which covered the state of Iowa. The parish was founded the following year and the Rev. John Vahey was sent as its first pastor. It was the first parish founded in what would become the Diocese of Sioux City. The first piece of property purchased for the parish was in 1857 at a cost of $200. The first church and rectory were built on the property the same year.</p><br>
<p>The stone for the current church was quarried starting 1879 with construction starting the following year. It was designed by Dubuque architect Fridolin Heer, Sr., and local architect A.V. Lambert supervised construction. The church was completed in 1882, and dedicated on January 1, 1883. The Romanesque Revival structure cost $37,892.59 to construct. The convent, rectory and central heating plant were built between the years 1909 and 1932.</p><br>
<p>In July 2000, Corpus Christi became part of a "team ministry" that brought together the five parishes in Webster County. In addition to Corpus Christi the parishes include: Sacred Heart and Holy Rosary in Fort Dodge, St. Matthews in Clare, and St. Josephs in Barnum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main body of the church is a rectangular block that is six bays long and three bays wide. It measures 128 by, and its central bell tower rises to a height of 175 ft. The locally quarried limestone is rusticated on the foundation, and smooth on the window caps and hoods. The locally produced brick forms the exterior of the structure. The gabled ends are stepped, and there is a corbel table at the eaves. The interior features three naves separated by columns, a rear gallery, and a skylight over the apse.</p><br>
<h2>Parochial School</h2><br>
<p>The parish school opened in 1859 during the pastorate of Father Marsh, although classes were being held prior to this time in the church. The first school building was a two story structure with a cupola. The Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary taught in the school from 1862 to 1865. Lay teacher taught in the school from 1865 to 1873. The Sisters of Mercy were next to teach in Fort Dodge from 1873 to 1902. In 1900 Mother Mary Catherine discovered a fire that completely destroyed the school. "The Academy" of Corpus Christi Parish was opened in 1902. The new school was built for $20,000. The year it opened the Sisters of Charity BVM returned to the school and taught in Fort Dodge for the next 100 years. High school classes ended at Corpus Christi in 1956 when St. Edmond High School opened. The Academy building was torn down in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Blewburton Hill is the site of an Iron Age hillfort located in Oxfordshire, in the southeast of England. It was a univallate hillfort . The area is mostly farmland with some small areas of wooded copse to the south and the northeast. The hill fort may have been occupied from the 4th century BC to the 1st century BC, and replaced a small settlement surrounded by a stockade, which is estimated to have been built in the 5th or 6th century BC.</p><br>
<p>The hill demonstrates three principal phases, with the first consisting of a timber palisade surrounding a small settlement consisting of a few huts, dating to about 550 BC. This was later replaced in the 4th century BC by the first version of the hillfort, which covered twice the area as that included within the earlier palisade, with a single rampart and shallow ditch. After a period of abandonment, the hillfort was refortified around 100 BC, and the ditch was deepened. The fort was finally abandoned about 50 BC, with some evidence for a violent end to its occupation. During the early Anglo-Saxon period, the hilltop was used as a cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The west side of the hill features a number of lynchets (terraces), the age and function of which are unknown, although they are believed to post-date the Iron Age.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Blewburton Hill is situated between the villages of Aston Tirrold and Blewbury. The site is within the parish of Aston Upthorpe in the district of South Oxfordshire. Its coordinates are.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hillfort encloses an area of approximately 4 hectare. There was an 11 m wide entrance on the west side of the fort, which may have possessed an overhead walkway. The gateway was protected by a ditch behind it, although this was later filled in. Unusually, a number of horse burials were found within the entrance. The gateway appears to have been set back within an approaching corridor between the rampart. During the second phase of the fort, excavated postholes demonstrate that it possessed a double gate.</p><br>
<p>The rampart was built a considerable time later than the original timber palisade that defended the early settlement. The rampart was originally 6.4 m wide, with a 4 m gap between the inner and outer retaining timber supports. The rampart was built from chalk packed firmly between the timber retainers. The second phase of the rampart was of the "Low Dump" type, with an asymmetrical cross-section and a shallow incline towards the rear, with a much steeper front dropping directly into the ditch. This replaced the earlier filled-timber wall-and-fill style of rampart. In the eastern part of the hillfort, the rampart has been badly damaged by ploughing, and in places destroyed. In the western portion, part of the rampart survives as a sunken lynchet, and the ditch there survives as a flat terrace. In the first phase of the rampart, the ditch was approximately 5 ft, but when it was recut for the second phase it was deepened to 15 ft. The hill features a number of unusual terraces or lynchets, the age and function of which is unknown, although they are believed to post-date the Iron Age.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hillfort appears to have been relatively intensely inhabited, compared to other hillforts in the region. The site was founded around 550 BC, and initially consisted of a small number of huts within a palisade that enclosed about half the area that would be included in the later fort. In the fourth century BC, the hilltop was enclosed with a bank quarried from its external ditch and held in place by timber retaining posts.</p><br>
<p>The fort was abandoned for a time, but was refortified around 100 BC. The ditch was recut, and the spoil was piled upon the pre-existing bank. The entrance, formerly 20 m wide, was narrowed to 7.5 m and the flanking rampart ends were faced with dry-stone walling, the stone for which must have been imported from elsewhere. Around 50 BC the hillfort was finally abandoned, perhaps due to expansion of the Belgae. The excavators uncovered evidence for a violent end to the occupation of the fort, with collapsed ramparts, signs of burning, and dead animals left where they lay.</p><br>
<p>Centuries later, the Anglo-Saxons used the interior of the fort as a cemetery. The cemetery was dated to the early Anglo-Saxon period, and 22 buried individuals were excavated, and one cremation. Most of the remains were accompanied by grave goods.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>Neolithic or Early Bronze Age flints were recovered during excavations, and a polished stone axe was recovered from the ditch near the entrance. Although there was no Roman occupation of the hilltop, a number of fragments of Roman pottery were recovered, dating to the 1st century AD, and the 3rd-4th centuries AD.</p><br>
<p>In one Iron Age burial pit, the remains of a horse and a dog were found buried together with the remains of a man. Other Iron Age finds include an iron currency bar, ceramics, two shale pendents and some fragments of shale bracelets.</p><br>
<p>Grave goods associated with the Anglo-Saxon cemetery included amber and glass beads, a spearhead, two bronze brooches, buckes, knives, and some pots.</p><br>
<h2>Investigation</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations were undertaken at the site between 1947 and 1953, with further investigation in 1967. The 1967 excavation was carried out by D. W. Harding, who investigated the ditch and rampart on the north side of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The John C. Bell House is a historic house located at 229 S. 22nd St. in the Rittenhouse Square neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed by architect Horace Trumbauer in the Colonial Revival style and built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for John C. Bell, who served as Attorney General of Pennsylvania. His sons, John C. Bell, Jr., who served as Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Pennsylvania as well as Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, and Bert Bell, co-founder of the Philadelphia Eagles and NFL Commissioner, lived in the house. In 1944 the house was sold by the Bell family and converted into apartments.</p><br>
<p>A top-floor balcony collapsed on January 11, 2014, leaving one person dead and two others seriously injured.</p><br>
<p>St. Patrick’s Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines. The church is located near the town of Cumming, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The parish was founded in 1852 in the Diocese of Dubuque, which at the time covered the entire state of Iowa. It was situated in area called Irish Settlement, and it was the first parish founded in what would become the Diocese of Des Moines. The parish became part of the Diocese of Davenport when it was established in 1881 and was then transferred to the Des Moines Diocese in 1911. A log structure served as the first church and the present frame structure, with a central entrance tower, replaced it in 1870. On October 4, 1979 Pope John Paul II visited the church while he was on his first pastoral visit to the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Independent Order of Odd Fellows Building, at 123-125 North Market in Benton, Arkansas, is a historic building that served as an Independent Order of Odd Fellows meeting hall. E. Y. Stinson built the building in 1913 on land purchased from Saline Odd Fellows Lodge No. 174; the Odd Fellows bought the building back the following year. The Odd Fellows used the second floor of the building as a meeting hall; the ground floor was sold to a hardware store, as Odd Fellows lodges were discouraged from meeting on the ground floor of a building. During its time in the building, the Odd Fellows Lodge included several prominent local businessmen and politicians as members, including a Saline County sheriff. The lodge was also responsible for hosting major Benton social events, such as Fourth of July picnics. The lodge&#39;s membership began to decline during World War II, and it sold the building in 1971.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The American Railway Express Company Garage is a historic parking garage located at 3002-3028 Cecil B. Moore Ave. in the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood of north Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed by the firm Harris & Richards and constructed by the Robert E. Lamb Company in 1922 for developer John Presper Eckert, Sr.</p><br>
<p>Eckert was the owner of the Philadelphia Realty Company, and during the 1920s he consulted with the American Railway Express Company (AREC) to build garages throughout the United States, as well as in Europe and Egypt. AREC&#39;s business was to ship express packages nationally by railway and to pick up and deliver them locally by truck. Thus AREC needed garages located near railway lines. The Philadelphia garage abuts railway tracks now owned by Amtrak and probably served customers in the Brewerytown neighborhood a few blocks to the south.</p><br>
<p>Eckert&#39;s son, John Presper Eckert, Jr. later became famous as the inventor of ENIAC and other early computers.</p><br>
<p>In August 2006, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Though a sign on the building proclaimed "Now Leasing," in photographs accompanying the 2006 NRHP nomination, and in September 2010 (see photograph above), the roof was removed in 2004.</p><br>
<p>A new plan to restore the building was announced in 2015. The garage was to be turned into 36 apartments with parking, a pre-school and day care, and a fitness facility by Mosaic Development Partners and Cedar Grove Partners, with financing from Philadelphia LISC, historic tax credits and New Market Tax Credits.</p><br>
<p>The Bell Telephone Company Building is a historic 17 story skyscraper located at 1835 Arch Street in the Logan Square neighborhood on the edge of downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which was used as a long distance telephone exchange by the Bell Telephone Company. Its construction in 1925 marked the beginning of the era of long distance trunk lines in telephone communication. The building was listed by the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though this is considered the most prestigious building designed by architect Eugene Stopper, he was perhaps uniquely qualified to design this building. His background designing banks is reflected in the customer service areas that dominates the first floor, and his experience designing industrial buildings in reinforced concrete, is reflected the upper floors where the telephone exchanges were housed.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed in the Moderne style of brick with limestone used on the first and fourteenth floors. The three upper floors are set-back in the style of New York skyscrapers of the era. The first floor interior is decorated with marble walls, terrazzo floors, and the company&#39;s iconic Bell trade-mark.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of long distance trunk lines in the early 1920s caused a boom in telephone traffic, requiring many new switchboards and telephone operators. Philadelphia was a key location in this development, being about halfway between New York City and Washington, D.C., and being the departure point for the trunk line to Chicago, which followed the Pennsylvania Railroads Main Line westward. The company constructed a series of new buildings with unimaginative names to house the long distance business, including New Yorks Telephone Building and the St. Louis Telephone Building, which were both built about 1926, and the Ohio Bell Telephone Building in Cleveland and the New Jersey Bell Telephone Building in Newark, both completed before 1930. The New York and New Jersey buildings are also listed on the NRHP, and the Cleveland building is a contributing building to a NRHP Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The trunk lines were placed close to Philadelphias fairly new downtown area, which developed around City Hall rather than the older business area to the east. Once placed, the location of the trunk lines dictated the location of other Bell Telephone buildings which needed easy access to the lines. The companys 1950 stainless steel skyscraper at 16th and Cherry Streets, and the 1991 Bell Atlantic Tower at 18th and Arch Streets both follow this pattern.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the long distance exchanges were moved to a modern facility, the building was renovated as telephone company offices, and air conditioning was installed. About 1990, the building was sold and converted to use as a self-storage facility and sold again in 2001 for use as apartments.</p><br>
<p>Saint Irenaeus Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Davenport. The church was founded in the town of Lyons, which now the north side of Clinton, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>Bishop Mathias Loras of the Diocese of Dubuque said the first Mass in Lyons. The Mass was celebrated in a log home in 1848. The area was visited by various priests, including the Rev. J.A.M. Pelamourges from Davenport, and the Rev. Frederic Cyrille Jean, who was assigned as the first resident pastor. Jean was originally from Baynes, France and came to the United States upon the invitation of Bishop Loras. He came to Lyons from Bellevue and started building a church as soon as he arrived and it was completed in 1852. The building was built of brick and cost $1,500 to construct.</p><br>
<p>The parish grew quickly and a larger church was built in 1856. In 1864 Bishop Clement Smyth laid the cornerstone for the present church. Parishioners helped in building the church without pay.</p><br>
<p>Father Jean returned to his native France before the church was completed. While there he was given ornate golden chandelier modeled after the crown of France. It was a gift from the Bonaparte family to the parish to be used as the sanctuary lamp.</p><br>
<p>The parish school was built at the same time as the church. It cost $4,000 to build and it was staffed by the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary from Dubuque.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the German members of the parish formed their own parish a few blocks away called St. Boniface. That left St. Irenaeus a predominately Irish parish. Other parishes were formed to the south in Clinton: St. Marys (1867), St. Patricks (1889) and Sacred Heart (1891).</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>In 1906 the church building was completely reversed. Initially the main entrance of the church faced Fifth Street. North Second Street on the back side of the church became a major thoroughfare through town. To accommodate the change the main entrance of the church was moved to the west side of the church on Second Street and the altar was moved to the east side of the church and the pews were reversed to face the altar. The new entrance also eliminated the long staircases up to the entrances. A gallery was created in the west side of the church. In 1911 all five Clinton parishes joined the Davenport Diocese when Clinton County was transferred to the Diocese of Davenport.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation occurred to the church interior in the 1940s. Simulated stone was applied to the walls to match the exterior of the church, Gothic-style light fixtures were hung, new Stations of the Cross were installed along the side walls and the ceiling was decorated with simulated beams. In the 1960s and 70s, a parish hall, kitchen, meeting rooms and restrooms were built in the basement of the church.</p><br>
<p>The parish school was merged with the school at St. Boniface in the 1970s to form North Catholic School. Eventually, all the Catholic grade schools in Clinton merged to form Prince of Peace School. The parish itself was officially closed in 2006 when the five parishes in Clinton were merged to form Jesus Christ, Prince of Peace Parish.</p><br>
<h3>21st Century</h3><br>
<p>Jesus Christ, Prince of Peace continued to use the old churches until 2008 when a new church was built for the parish on the west side of town. The sanctuary lamp and the older set of the Stations of the Cross were used in the new church. St. Patricks Church was taken down in 2005 and St. Marys followed in 2009. It is being renovated to become a community cultural center that would host public events.</p><br>
<p>Frankenbury Camp is the site of an Iron Age univallate hillfort located in Hampshire. The site is on a very slight promontory overlooking the Avon Valley on the north-western edge of the New Forest. The fort encloses approximately 11 acres. It has very steep natural slopes on the west and south sides. The northeast sides are defended by a simple rampart and ditch. The original entrance on the southeast corner has since been widened. It is listed as a scheduled ancient monument no.122. The site is currently pasture, and part of Folds Farm, for the most part, although the earthworks themselves are lined with trees and the south and western parts are now encroached by woodland. Various archaeological relics have been found in the area:</p><br>
<p>Iron Age/Roman Pottery:</p><br>
<p>At a permanent caravan site in an old gravel pit</p><br>
<p>Located east of caravan site in old gravel pit.</p><br>
<p>On farmland east of Criddlestyle.</p><br>
<p>Garden Cottage, Godshill. Located behind the cottage.</p><br>
<p>Located north west of Mews Hill Copse</p><br>
<p>Iron Age Coins</p><br>
<p>Durotrigian Silver Stater found in garden of Ambridge, Tinker&#39;s Cross, 1969.</p><br>
<p>Roman Coins:</p><br>
<p>Found behind either Redlands or Garden Cottage, Godshill</p><br>
<p>Located in the garden of Avon Lodge. 1930. A coin of Constantine 306-337 A.D</p><br>
<p>The artefacts are now in Salisbury Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at, and lies between Godshill and Fordingbridge, in the county of Hampshire. Immediately to the South lies the Sandy Balls estate. The hill has a summit of 70m AOD.</p><br>
<p>Gorley Hill is the site of a former Iron Age promontory hillfort located in Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>The fort once occupied the southwestern corner of Gorley Common on Gorley Hill, a gravel-capped spur that points southwest into the Avon valley next to the hamlet of North Gorley, between the towns of Fordingbridge and Ringwood. The earthworks were destroyed in the 1950s and 60s when the common&#39;s new owners carried out large-scale gravel extraction works, effectively "scalping" the hill. The tall linear earthen banks present on the hill are a relic of the quarrying process and not prehistoric in origin. The site is now grass, with some gorse and silver birch. The area is now owned and managed by Hampshire County Council.</p><br>
<p>Heywood Sumner carried out some excavation at the site which was published in his 1917 book "Ancient Earthworks of the New Forest".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at, and lies between the hamlets of South Gorley and North Gorley, in the county of Hampshire. Immediately to the South lies Huckles Brook, a tributary of the River Avon, which itself lies to the west. The hill has a summit of 70m AOD.</p><br>
